编译|李言Nature, 20 March 2025, Volume 639 Issue 8055《天然》2025年3月20日，第6开元平台登录39卷，8055期人工智能Artificial IntelligenceOptimizing generative AI by backpropagating language model feedback经由过程反向传布言语模子反应优化天生式人工智能▲ 作者：Mert Yuksekgonul, Federico Bianchi et al.▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08661-4▲择要：在此，咱们先容多功效框架TextGrad，它经由过程反向传布由年夜型言语模子（LLM）天生的反应来履行优化，从而改良AI体系。经由过程应用天然言语反应来批驳跟倡议改良体系的任何局部——从提醒到输出，如分子或医治打算——TextGrad实现了跨多种义务的天生式AI体系的主动优化。咱们经由过程在处理博士级迷信成绩、优化喷射医治打算、计划存在特定性子的分子、编码以及优化代办体系等方面的研讨，展现了TextGrad的通用性跟无效性。TextGrad付与迷信家跟工程师轻松开辟存在影响力的天生式AI体系的才能。▲ Abstract：Analogously, here we introduce TextGrad, a versatile framework that performs optimization by backpropagating LLM-generated feedback to improve AI systems. By leveraging natural language feedback to critique and suggest improvements to any part of a system—from prompts to outputs such as molecules or treatment plans—TextGrad enables the automatic optimization of generative AI systems across diverse tasks. We demonstrate TextGrad’s generality and effectiveness through studies in solving PhD-level science problems, optimizing plans for radiotherapy treatments, designing molecules with specific properties, coding, and optimizing agentic systems. TextGrad empowers scientists and engineers to easily develop impactful generative AI systems.资料迷信Material SciencesLarge recoverable elas最靠谱的滚球平台tic energy in chiral metamaterials via twist buckling手性歪曲超构造中的超年夜可规复弹性储能▲ 作者：Xin Fang, Dianlong Yu et al.▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08658-z▲择要：在此，咱们构建了由可自在改变的手性胞元构成的高弹性超资料。与现有的非手性晶格比拟，未经优化的手性超资料同时坚持了高刚度、蒙受更年夜的可规复应变、供给更宽的愚昧平台、将愚昧强度进步5至10倍、进步弹性应变能密度2至160倍，并将单元品质能量进步2至32倍。这些改良源于手性激发的改变愚昧变形，这种变形形式在传统超资料中是不存在的。这种变形形式在存储大批额定能量的同时，对界说资料生效的峰值应力影响最小。咱们的发明提醒了一种机制，并为存在高机器能量存储才能的超资料跟构造的计划供给了洞见，这是一个基本且广泛的成绩，存在普遍的工程意思。▲ Abstract：Here, to address this challenge, we construct high-enthalpy elastic metamaterials from freely rotatable chiral metacells. Compared with existing non-chiral lattices, the non-optimized chiral metamaterials simultaneously maintain high stiffness, sustain larger recoverable strain, offer a wider buckling plateau, improve the buckling strength by 5–10 times, enhance enthalpy by 2–160 times and increase energy per mass by 2–32 times. These improvements arise from torsional buckling deformation that is triggered by chirality and is absent in conventional metamaterials. This deformation mode stores considerable additional energy while having a minimal impact on peak stresses that define material failure. Our findings identify a mechanism and provide insight into the design of metamaterials and structures with high mechanical energy storage capacity, a fundamental and general problem of broad engineering interest.Disorder-assisted real–momentum topological photonic crystal无序帮助实动量拓扑光子晶体▲ 作者：Haoye Qin, Zengping Su et al.▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08632-9▲择要：在此，作为观点验证，咱们展现了在窄带宽的共振动量空间涡旋光束旁边同时自力天生实在空间宽带涡旋或全息图像，这是传统方式无奈实现的。这种工程化的无序为体系奉献了宏大的内涵自在度，而无需增添额定维度或就义光学平整性。咱们对实动量对偶的发明不只为拓扑光子学中的无序工程奠基了基本，还为光学波前整形、加密跟通讯开拓了新道路。▲ Abstract：Here, as a proof of concept, we demonstrate the simultaneous and independent generation of a real-space broadband vortex or a holographic image alongside resonant momentum-space vortex beams with a narrow bandwidth, which cannot be achieved with conventional methods. Such engineered disorder contributes to vast intrinsic freedoms without adding extra dimensions or compromising the optical flatness. Our findings of real–momentum duality not only lay the foundation for disorder engineering in topological photonics but also open new avenues for optical wavefront shaping, encryption and communications.医学MedicineHuman-correlated genetic models identify precision therapy for liver cancer人类相干基因模子为肝癌供给精准医治▲ 作者：Miryam Müller, Stephanie May et al.▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08585-z▲择要：在此，咱们构建了一套基因驱动的体内免疫活性及相婚配的体外肝细胞癌（HCC）模子。咱们的模子再现了人类HCC的多种特点，包含克隆来源、构造病理学表示跟转移。咱们将小鼠模子的转录组数据与人类HCC数据整合，并辨认出四个独特的人—小鼠亚型细胞。这些亚型细胞存在与人类构造病理学相分歧的奇特转录组特点。在一项道理验证剖析中，咱们验证了对尺度医治的反映，并应用一个关系的体外—体内流程辨认出一个有远景的医治候选药物——cladribine，该药物此前并未用于HCC医治。Cladribine与尺度医治结合应用时，以一种高效的亚型特异性方法施展感化。▲ Abstract：Here we generated a suite of genetically driven immunocompetent in vivo and matched in vitro HCC models. Our models represent multiple features of human HCC, including clonal origin, histopathological appearance and metastasis. We integrated transcriptomic data from the mouse models with human HCC data and identified four common human–mouse subtype clusters. The subtype clusters had distinct transcriptomic characteristics that aligned with the human histopathology. In a proof-of-principle analysis, we verified response to standard-of-care treatment and used a linked in vitro–in vivo pipeline to identify a promising therapeutic candidate, cladribine, that has not previously been linked to HCC treatment. Cladribine acts in a highly effective subtype-specific manner in combination with standard-of-care therapy.地球迷信Earth ScienceHigh temporal variability not trend dominates Mediterranean precipitation地中海降水以高时光变异性不占主导位置▲ 作者：Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, Yves Tramblay et al.▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08576-6▲择要：在此，咱们展现了从1871年到2020年，只管存在明显的多年月际跟年际变异性，地中海地域的降水基础坚持稳固。这一论断基于该地域可取得的最片面数据集，涵盖了27个国度的23000多个站点。固然在某些时代跟子地区能够辨认出趋向，但咱们的研讨将这些趋向重要归因于年夜气能源学，这重要与外部变率有关。别的，咱们的评价将观察到的降水趋向与耦合形式比拟名目第6阶段（CMIP6）形式模仿相和谐，两者均未标明该地域从前存在主导的降水趋向。咱们的研讨成果对天下上凸起的气象变更热门地域之一的情况、农业跟水资本计划存在主要意思。▲ Abstract：Here we show that Mediterranean precipitation has largely remained stationary from 1871 to 2020, albeit with significant multi-decadal and interannual variability. This conclusion is based on the most comprehensive dataset available for the region, encompassing over 23,000 stations across 27 countries. While trends can be identified for some periods and subregions, our findings attribute these trends primarily to atmospheric dynamics, which would be mostly linked to internal variability. Furthermore, our assessment reconciles the observed precipitation trends with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 model simulations, neither of which indicate a prevailing past precipitation trend in the region. The implications of our results extend to environmental, agricultural and water resources planning in one of the world’s 皇冠足球登录prominent climate change hotspots.教导学EducationChildren’s arithmetic skills do not transfer between applied and academic mathematics儿童的算术技巧不会在利用数学跟学法术学之间转化▲ 作者：Abhijit V. Banerjee, Swati Bhattacharjee et al.▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08502-w▲择要：在此，咱们对在印度加尔各答跟德里市场任务的儿童（n=1436）停止了考察，以探索在事实情况中取得的数学技巧能否可能迁徙到讲堂中，反之亦然。多少乎全部这些儿童在任务中都能无效地应用庞杂的算术盘算。他们还善于处理假设的市场数学识题跟与详细情境相干的行动数学识题。但是，当以黉舍中平日应用的形象格局浮现时，他们无奈处理等同或更低庞杂度的算术成绩。儿童在市场数学识题上的表示无奈经由过程影象、取得辅助、对更熟习格局的压力加重或高鼓励来说明。比拟之下，就读于邻近黉舍、不市场贩卖教训的儿童（n=471）表示出相反的形式。这些儿童在简略的形象成绩上表示更正确，但此中只有1%的儿童能准确答复市场中的利用数学识题，与此绝对应的是，超越三分之一的市场任务儿童可能处理利用成绩。黉舍儿童应用效力极低的书面盘算，无奈组合差别的操纵，而且得出谜底的速率太慢，无奈在事实生涯或高级数学中应用。这些发明夸大了教导课程在弥合直觉数学跟情势数学之间差距的主要性。▲ Abstract：Here we surveyed children in Kolkata and Delhi, India, who work in markets (n = 1,436), to investigate whether maths skills acquired in real-world settings transfer to the classroom and vice versa. Nearly all these children used complex arithmetic calculations effectively at work. They were also proficient in solving hypothetical market maths problems and verbal maths problems that were anchored to concrete contexts. However, they were unable to solve arithmetic problems of equal or lesser complexity when presented in the abstract format typically used in school. The children’s performance in market maths problems was not explained by memorization, access to help, reduced stress with more familiar formats or high incentives for correct performance. By contrast, children with no market-selling experience (n = 471), enrolled in nearby schools, showed the opposite pattern. These children performed more accurately on simple abstract problems, but only 1% could correctly answer an applied market maths problem that more than one third of working children solved (β = 0.35, s.e.m. = 0.03; 95% confidence interval = 0.30–0.40, P 0.001). School children used highly inefficient written calculations, could not combine different operations and arrived at answers too slowly to be useful in real-life or in higher maths. These findings highlight the importance of educational curricula that bridge the gap between intuitive and formal maths.